Glaucoma

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2) How might glaucoma affect my vision? - YouTube

What is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is the name given to a group of eye conditions in which the optic nerve is damaged where it leaves the eye. Vision lost due to glaucoma cannot be recovered, however, with early diagnosis, careful monitoring and regular use of the treatments, further damage to vision can be prevented and most patients retain useful sight for life.

Glaucoma is one of the world's leading causes of blindness. In the UK, about two per cent of the population over 40 have the condition.

Regular eye tests will help detect the onset of the disease.

Risk Factors for Glaucoma

While anyone can develop glaucoma, several factors can increase the risk of developing this condition. These include:

Age: People over the age of 60 are at a higher risk, particularly for open-angle glaucoma. In Nprthern Ireland, anyone over the age of 40 who have a first degree relative (parent, sibling) with glaucoma are entitled to a free annual eye examination.
Family History: Glaucoma can run in families. If someone in your family has the condition, you may be more likely to develop it.
Ethnicity: People of African, Caribbean, or Asian descent have a higher risk of developing glaucoma.
High Intraocular Pressure: Elevated eye pressure is the most significant risk factor for glaucoma, although some individuals with normal eye pressure may still develop the condition.
Other Medical Conditions: Conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain eye injuries can increase the risk of glaucoma.

Symptoms of Glaucoma

One of the most challenging aspects of glaucoma is that it often presents with no symptoms in its early stages. Some people may not notice a problem until they begin to lose their peripheral (side) vision. In more advanced stages, central vision can also be affected. In angle-closure glaucoma, symptoms tend to develop more suddenly and can include:

Severe eye pain
Nausea and vomiting
Blurred vision
Rainbow halos around lights
Sudden loss of vision

If you experience any of these symptoms, especially if they come on suddenly, please contact your Optometrist immediately.

How Is Glaucoma Diagnosed?

Glaucoma often develops without symptoms and therefore it is essential to have regular eye exams to allow you optometrist to detect any changes. If we are able to detect changes early then we can treat this condition earlier. An eye test can include:

Tonometry: This test measures the pressure inside your eyes.
Ophthalmoscopy: The optometrist examines the optic nerve for signs of damage.
Perimetry: A visual field test to check for blind spots in your peripheral vision.
Gonioscopy: This test looks at the drainage angle of the eye to determine if it’s open or closed.

Treatment Options for Glaucoma

While glaucoma cannot be cured, it can be managed with appropriate treatment. The goal of treatment is to lower the intraocular pressure to prevent further damage to the optic nerve. Treatment options include:

1. Medication

Eye drops are commonly prescribed to reduce intraocular pressure. These can either reduce the amount of fluid produced in the eye or increase its drainage.

2. Laser Treatment

There are a number of laser procedures used in the treatment of glaucoma. In angle closure glaucoma laser iridotomies are used improve the drainage of fluid from the eye with the aim of reducing acute rise in intraocular pressure. Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty SLT is used in open angle glaucoma either in preference to or in adiition to topical drops.

3. Surgical Procedures

In cases where medication and laser treatment are not effective, surgery may be required. Surgery aims to create a new drainage path for the fluid to exit the eye, reducing intraocular pressure.

Preventing Glaucoma

While glaucoma cannot always be prevented, there are steps you can take to lower your risk or detect it early:

Regular Eye Exams: Get your eyes checked regularly, especially if you are over the age of 40 or have risk factors.
Control Other Health Conditions: Managing conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes can help protect your eye health.
Healthy Lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and exercising regularly can contribute to overall health, including eye health.
Avoid Smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of glaucoma and other eye conditions.

Useful Websites for further information:

Glaucoma UK | Here to support people with glaucoma

Glaucoma Types, Symptoms, and Treatment OptionsLook After Your Eyes